Page 184 - Changing Living Spaces

Noriko Yuzawa

guishes between ‘for sale’ and ‘for own use’ with respect to income and
between ‘in cash’ and ‘in-kind’ for expenditures. The ‘for sale’ crops and
the ‘cash’ expenditures are the flows directly related to the market econ-
omy. On the other hand, ‘own use’ crops destined for subsistence and ‘in-
kind’ expenditures circulate in the farm economy, which is maintained
by adjusting the balance between the two.
This farmer increased the amount of rice produced for his own use and
specialized in raising poultry for sale. Night soil was included in the ‘oth-
er’ income, which is available only in the data from 1928, but all are for
subsistence. Looking at farming costs, the proportion of expenditures
for seeds, seedlings, feed, and chemicals purchased ‘in cash’ tends to be
consistently high, but only fertilizer expenditures are liquid in the pro-
portions of ‘cash’ and ‘in-kind’. In the case of this farmer, it is notewor-
thy that ‘cash’ expenditures for fertilizer gradually declined from 1923 to
1930. In other words, by reducing the use of purchased fertilizer and in-
creasing the proportion of self-sufficient fertilizer, he was able to reduce
the burden of increased costs for seed, feed, and chemicals.
Thus, for individual farmers, increasing the ratio of self-sufficient ferti-
lizer served as an adjustment value to maintain stable farm management.
Urbanization and Municipal Management of Human Waste
in The Modern Aichi Prefecture
The Emergence of Industry and the Expansion of Nagoya

As we have seen, agricultural production became more active in modern
Aichi Prefecture, and suburban farming villages developed, maintaining
a balance between purchased and self-sufficient fertilizer. However, rap-
idly expanding cities and their growing populations became a new urban
problem that went beyond tolerating the return of human waste to farm-
land. This section addresses the effects of urban expansion.
How did the population and urban areas of Nagoya change during this
period? Below, we examine the case of Nagoya, which has the largest pop-
ulation growth in Aichi Prefecture.
As shown in figure 4, the population of Nagoya increased rapidly from
the end of the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth centu-
ry. In particular, there was a remarkable increase from 1920, with a con-
stant increase of about 200,000 people per decade. This population in-
crease was clearly related to the expansion of the Nagoya urban area.

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