Page 126 - Koderman, Miha, and Vuk Tvrtko Opačić. Eds. 2020. Challenges of tourism development in protected areas of Croatia and Slovenia. Koper, Zagreb: University of Primorska Press, Croatian Geographical Society
P. 126
challenges of tourism development in protected areas of croatia and slovenia
ture-based tourism in a broader sense that includes sustainable tourism,
ecotourism, and adventure tourism, all of which are strongly dependent on
the natural environment. In his review of definitions across selected liter-
ature, he notes how ecotourism is described as tourism where cooperation
of different actors is at the core, which leads to strong local development.
Furthermore, while ecotourism shares similarities with sustainable tour-
ism, in that both deal with preservation of the natural environment, they
also differ in a number of others aspects. For instance, the role of interna-
tional and national policy and the influence policy should have in the de-
velopment of tourism demand and supply is seen differently. Björk (2000)
also differentiates ecotourism from adventure tourism, which is under-
stood to be tourism pursued for the purpose of adventure, exposure to ex-
perience and varying degrees of risk, and excitement. In contrast, in a later
review of literature, Fredman and Tyrväinen (2010) describe nature tour-
ism as tourism pursued in natural areas with a focus on experiences of na-
ture-based products. They identify four recurrent themes: (1) visitors to a
nature area; (2) experiences of a natural environment; (3) participation in
an activity; and (4) normative components related to sustainable develop-
ment and local impacts, and so on. Then, as part to a later study, Fredman
et al. (2012) suggest a two-dimensional framework elaborated on the expe-
riences of nature-based products. Their framework is made of two dimen-
sions: access to nature and naturalness (Fig. 1). In this chapter, we look clos-
er at this framework and use an adapted version for the development of our
analysis.
A two dimensional framework: accessibility and perception
of naturalness
Based on a collection of selected literature, Fredman et al. (2012) develop a
two-dimensional model intended for the study and further elaboration re-
garding the role of nature in nature-based tourism. Their model, summa-
rised in Fig. 1, identifies two main dimensions they regard as paramount for
tourism vis-à-vis the human-nature relationship: naturalness and accessi-
bility. They suggest this model for all study of nature-based tourism, re-
gardless of whether it is dependent on, enhanced by, or just contextualised
in natural environments.
The first dimension they identify is naturalness and suggest that it
should be placed on a continuum with naturalness, understood as absence
of human intervention, on one end and facilities, understood as man-made
124
ture-based tourism in a broader sense that includes sustainable tourism,
ecotourism, and adventure tourism, all of which are strongly dependent on
the natural environment. In his review of definitions across selected liter-
ature, he notes how ecotourism is described as tourism where cooperation
of different actors is at the core, which leads to strong local development.
Furthermore, while ecotourism shares similarities with sustainable tour-
ism, in that both deal with preservation of the natural environment, they
also differ in a number of others aspects. For instance, the role of interna-
tional and national policy and the influence policy should have in the de-
velopment of tourism demand and supply is seen differently. Björk (2000)
also differentiates ecotourism from adventure tourism, which is under-
stood to be tourism pursued for the purpose of adventure, exposure to ex-
perience and varying degrees of risk, and excitement. In contrast, in a later
review of literature, Fredman and Tyrväinen (2010) describe nature tour-
ism as tourism pursued in natural areas with a focus on experiences of na-
ture-based products. They identify four recurrent themes: (1) visitors to a
nature area; (2) experiences of a natural environment; (3) participation in
an activity; and (4) normative components related to sustainable develop-
ment and local impacts, and so on. Then, as part to a later study, Fredman
et al. (2012) suggest a two-dimensional framework elaborated on the expe-
riences of nature-based products. Their framework is made of two dimen-
sions: access to nature and naturalness (Fig. 1). In this chapter, we look clos-
er at this framework and use an adapted version for the development of our
analysis.
A two dimensional framework: accessibility and perception
of naturalness
Based on a collection of selected literature, Fredman et al. (2012) develop a
two-dimensional model intended for the study and further elaboration re-
garding the role of nature in nature-based tourism. Their model, summa-
rised in Fig. 1, identifies two main dimensions they regard as paramount for
tourism vis-à-vis the human-nature relationship: naturalness and accessi-
bility. They suggest this model for all study of nature-based tourism, re-
gardless of whether it is dependent on, enhanced by, or just contextualised
in natural environments.
The first dimension they identify is naturalness and suggest that it
should be placed on a continuum with naturalness, understood as absence
of human intervention, on one end and facilities, understood as man-made
124
