Page 33 - Herojska doba Histrov

Herojska doba Histrov

Mesto in dom The Settlement

and the Home

Naseljevanje posameznega prostora je bilo skozi vso člo- Across all periods of human history, the colonisation
veško zgodovino izjemno zapleten in zahteven kolektivni of any area is an exceptionally complex and formidable
proces. Ljudje bronaste in železne dobe so na celotnem collective process. Across the whole of the north Adriatic
severnem Jadranu kraje, kjer so živeli, organizirali na the people of the Bronze and Iron Ages founded the set-
povzdignjenih, lažje obranljivih legah, prilagojenih naravnim tlements in which they lived at elevated and more easily
zahtevam terena in zaščitenih z močnimi, suhozidnimi ob- defended sites, adapted to the lay of the land and protect-
zidji. Takšna naselja so bila imenovana gradine (gradišča). ed by resilient drystone ramparts. These settlements are
known as hillforts. Their very high concentration means
Zaradi izjemne koncentracije predstavljajo prevladujoči tip that this was the dominant settlement type in more recent
poselitve v času mlajše prazgodovine (Buršić-Matijašić prehistory (Buršić-Matijašić 2007; Mihovilić 2013; 2014,
2007; Mihovilić 2013; 2014, 32–57). Trenutno imamo v 32–57). We currently have confident data on some 330
zemljepisnem okviru Istre zanesljive podatke o približno identified hillforts in the geographic bounds of the Istrian
330 določenih gradiščih. Vendar pa je le za 30 teh, ki se peninsula. At only thirty of these settlements, however,
nahajajo v južnem, osrednjem in zahodnem delu polotoka, located in the south, centre, and west of the peninsula,
kjer so bila dokazana žarna grobišča, zanesljivo znano, da where there is clear evidence of cremation necropolises,
so bila poseljena v železni dobi. Njihova distribucija kaže, can we confidently say that they were inhabited during
da so se nahajala na strateških lokacijah ob ključnih prome- the Iron Age. Their distribution indicates that they were
tnih poteh in prelazih, nad dolinami rek ali prazgodovinskih sited at strategic locations near key roads and passes,
strug, ob morski obali in na otokih (Mihovilić 2014, 36, overlooking river valleys or palaeochannels, along the
290; 2021, 517). Na pravilnih razdaljah v prostoru in med coast, and on the islands (Mihovilić 2014, 36, 290; 2021,
seboj povezana, gradišča so bila lahko uporabljena ter v 517). Distributed at regular intervals and interconnected
tisočletnem procesu naseljevanja nato transformirana vse over millennia of use they were transformed into modern
do sodobnih mest (Pulj, Bale, Rovinj, Beram itd.). towns (Pula, Bale, Rovinj, Beram, etc.).
Life at hillforts, as in any settlement, was structured. The
Življenje na gradiščih, kot v vsakem mestu, je zahtevalo do- imposing proportions and exceptional care with which
ločeno strukturo. Impozantni proporci in izjemna skrbnost the ramparts were constructed suggests the design of
pri gradnji obzidij nakazujejo projekte razkošnih ter vizu- lavish and visually impressive public monuments, an ef-
alno osupljivih javnih spomenikov, učinkovito sredstvo fective means of ensuring defence that contributed to the
obrambe, ki je prispevalo k stabilnosti režima in gospo- stability of the regime and of the economy. The hillforts
darstva. Gradišča so bila »projektirana« ob upoštevanju, were designed in a manner that took into consideration,
tj. v največji meri izkoriščanju prednosti geomorfologije i.e., to the greatest possible extent leveraged the advan-
samega povzdignjenega terena, čemur so bili prilagojeni tages offered by the geomorphology of their elevated
obrambni sistemi, dostopi in vhodi ter celoten okoljski sites, to which the defensive system, the access routes,
prostor. Glede na obliko in postavitev obzidij jih delimo the gates, and the entirety of the surrounding area was
adapted. Hillforts are divided into two basic types based
v dva osnovna tipa. V prvi tip spadajo tista s krožnim, on the form and disposition of the defensive walls. The
neprekinjenim vencem ali koncentrično strukturiranimi first type features an unbroken circular defensive wall
obzidji (Pulj, Monbrodo, Sv. Martin nad Limom, Picugi, or concentric walls (Pula, Monbrodo, Sveti Martin iznad The Heroic Age of The Histri
Beram itd.). Druga oblika se nanaša na gradišča z ob- Lima, Picugi, Beram, etc.). The other form includes the
zidjem samo na enem, dostopnejšem pristopu, saj je bil hillforts where a defensive wall was raised only at the

Gradišče Monkodonja / Monkodonja hillfort
31