Page 226 - Hojnik, Jana. 2017. In Persuit of Eco-innovation. Drivers and Consequences of Eco-innovation at Firm Level. Koper: University of Primorska Press
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Pursuit of Eco-innovation
censing (15 companies; 9.9%) and other (11 companies; 7.3%). A less used
operation mode by the analyzed companies is joint venture direct invest-
ment (10 companies; 6.6%) and the least frequently used is franchising (5
companies; 3.3%).
Furthermore, Table 77 illustrates the mean values of operation modes.
We can see that direct export was the most frequently used mode of entry
in international markets by analyzed companies, followed by indirect ex-
port and contract entry modes. Franchising and joint venture direct in-
vestment were found to be very rarely used by the analyzed companies.
Table 77: Descriptive statistics for internationalization variable – operation modes
N Mean St. Dev. Skew St. Err. Kurt St. Err.
Skew Kurt
226
151 0.60 0.491 -0.424 0.197 -1.845 0.392
Import
Direct export 151 0.74 0.443 -1.076 0.197 -0.853 0.392
Indirect export 151 0.44 0.498 0.229 0.197 -1.974 0.392
Sole venture direct investment 151 0.13 0.333 2.279 0.197 3.237 0.392
Joint venture direct investment 151 0.07 0.250 3.524 0.197 10.557 0.392
Contract 151 0.42 0.496 0.311 0.197 -1.929 0.392
Product/service licensing 151 0.10 0.300 2.706 0.197 5.393 0.392
Franchising 151 0.03 0.180 5.271 0.197 26.131 0.392
Other 151 0.07 0.261 3.320 0.197 9.145 0.392
Note: N = number of observations; Mean = mean value on the Likert scale, which ranges
from 1 to 7 (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree); St. Dev. = standard deviation; Skew =
skewness; St. Err. of Skew = standard error of skewness; Kurt = kurtosis; St. Err. Kurt = stan-
dard error of kurtosis; indirect export (export through intermediary).
In addition, the total number of operation modes that a single com-
pany currently uses is also shown (see Figure 23). This indicator can fur-
ther show the complexity of analyzed internationalized companies con-
cerning international operations. Every single operation mode has its
specifics, while we can conclude that companies that use more operation
modes are more experienced in international operations than companies
that use only one or two operation modes (Ruzzier 2005). We can see
that among the internationalized companies, the majority of companies
(47 companies; 31.1%) use only one operation mode, followed by 38 com-
panies (25.2%), that use three operation modes and 33 companies (21.8%)
use two operation modes. Moreover, 12 companies (7.9%) use four opera-
tion modes, 12 companies (7.9%) use five operation modes, six companies
censing (15 companies; 9.9%) and other (11 companies; 7.3%). A less used
operation mode by the analyzed companies is joint venture direct invest-
ment (10 companies; 6.6%) and the least frequently used is franchising (5
companies; 3.3%).
Furthermore, Table 77 illustrates the mean values of operation modes.
We can see that direct export was the most frequently used mode of entry
in international markets by analyzed companies, followed by indirect ex-
port and contract entry modes. Franchising and joint venture direct in-
vestment were found to be very rarely used by the analyzed companies.
Table 77: Descriptive statistics for internationalization variable – operation modes
N Mean St. Dev. Skew St. Err. Kurt St. Err.
Skew Kurt
226
151 0.60 0.491 -0.424 0.197 -1.845 0.392
Import
Direct export 151 0.74 0.443 -1.076 0.197 -0.853 0.392
Indirect export 151 0.44 0.498 0.229 0.197 -1.974 0.392
Sole venture direct investment 151 0.13 0.333 2.279 0.197 3.237 0.392
Joint venture direct investment 151 0.07 0.250 3.524 0.197 10.557 0.392
Contract 151 0.42 0.496 0.311 0.197 -1.929 0.392
Product/service licensing 151 0.10 0.300 2.706 0.197 5.393 0.392
Franchising 151 0.03 0.180 5.271 0.197 26.131 0.392
Other 151 0.07 0.261 3.320 0.197 9.145 0.392
Note: N = number of observations; Mean = mean value on the Likert scale, which ranges
from 1 to 7 (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree); St. Dev. = standard deviation; Skew =
skewness; St. Err. of Skew = standard error of skewness; Kurt = kurtosis; St. Err. Kurt = stan-
dard error of kurtosis; indirect export (export through intermediary).
In addition, the total number of operation modes that a single com-
pany currently uses is also shown (see Figure 23). This indicator can fur-
ther show the complexity of analyzed internationalized companies con-
cerning international operations. Every single operation mode has its
specifics, while we can conclude that companies that use more operation
modes are more experienced in international operations than companies
that use only one or two operation modes (Ruzzier 2005). We can see
that among the internationalized companies, the majority of companies
(47 companies; 31.1%) use only one operation mode, followed by 38 com-
panies (25.2%), that use three operation modes and 33 companies (21.8%)
use two operation modes. Moreover, 12 companies (7.9%) use four opera-
tion modes, 12 companies (7.9%) use five operation modes, six companies
